Keywords
Texas Hill Country
Potable water
water reuse
How to Cite
Abstract
The Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance outlines the opportunities present in the Texas Hill Country to use recycled water to alleviate the burdens placed on the Edwards and Trinity aquifers by focusing on the present state of recycled water use in Comal County, Texas. The impacts of population growth, prolonged drought, and wastewater disposal on water sources in Comal County are analyzed along with current sources of water reuse to show where recycled water can be utilized effectively. Reclaimed water systems in seven municipalities across Texas are analyzed as case studies to provide examples for further implementation. Water reuse is integral to protecting water supplies and ensuring counties in the Hill Country can adequately protect the health, safety, and quality of life of current and future residents. Water reuse is a vastly underutilized tool in the effort to manage water supplies in the Hill Country, and there are a variety of authorization, financing, and implementation opportunities present in the region to take better advantage of this resource.
References
Alley, W. M., & Alley, R. (2022). The water recycling revolution: Tapping into the future. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated.
Ameresco. (2020, April). Project highlight San Antonio Water System, TX. https://www.ameresco.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/san-antonio-water-system-tx.pdf
Arcadis U.S., Inc. (2021, July). 2021 water resources plan update. New Braunfels Utilities. https://www.nbutexas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-WRP-Update-Final_9.1.21-Reduced.pdf
Austin, Tex. Land Dev. Code ch. 25-9 art. 4. https://library.municode.com/tx/austin/codes/land_development_code?nodeId=TIT25LADE_CH25-9WAWA_ART4REWA_S25-9-399BI
Boerne Utilities. (n.d.). Reclaimed water. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www.ci.boerne.tx.us/1948/Reclaimed-Water
Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. (2004). 2004 guidelines for water reuse (EPA/625/R-04/108). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/2004-guidelines-water-reuse.pdf
Carollo Engineers, Inc. (2022, February). Water and wastewater cost of service. San Antonio Water System. https://apps.saws.org/who_we_are/community/rac/docs/Final%20Tech%20Memo%20COS%20Feb%202022.pdf
Chasnoff, B. (2021, October 6). Blast zone: Quarries are expanding in the Texas Hill Country, and rivers, streams and once-pristine landscapes are paying the prices. Regulators can’t keep up. San Antonio Express-News. https://www.expressnews.com/projects/2021/hill-country-quarry-impact/
City of Big Spring Water Department. (2023). New customer information. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.mybigspring.com/DocumentCenter/View/233/New-Customer-Information-PDF
City of Boerne. (2023). Rates. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www.ci.boerne.tx.us/271/Rates
City of Boerne. (2023, August 28). Boerne water dashboard. Internet of Water. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://boerne-water-dashboard.internetofwater.app/
City of Boerne. (2023, July). City of Boerne Utilities residential reclaimed water notification and information. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www.ci.boerne.tx.us/DocumentCenter/View/17924/Reclaimed-Water-Notification-and-Information-Revised-July-2023?bidId=
Clifford, M. (n.d.). Solving two problems with one solution – beneficial reuse of wastewater. Sierra Club for the Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hnWPXrSb2I-vCyhuR9gJ-2FSnnyeGK5O/view
Colorado River Municipal Water District. (2018). Reclaimed water. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.crmwd.org/water-sources/reuse/
Colorado River Municipal Water District. (2022). Chief financial officer. https://www.governmentresource.com/home/showpublisheddocument/2261/637920998733970000#:~:text=CRMWD%20delivers%20an%20average%20of%2058%20million%20gallons,100%20million%20gallons%20per%20day%20during%20the%20summer
Comal County Auditor. (2023). Utilities for Comal County: 2012 thru 2023. https://www.co.comal.tx.us/AUD/Utilities.htm
Ding, J., & McCarl, B. A. (2019). Economic and ecological impacts of increased drought frequency in the Edwards Aquifer. Climate, 8(1), 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010002
Eckhardt, G. (n.d.). The Trinity Aquifer. Retrieved June 30, 2023, from http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/trinity.html
Eckhardt, G. (n.d.). Water recycling and reuse. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/waterrecycling.html
Edwards Aquifer Authority. (2014, November). Groundwater conservation plan. https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Groundwater_Conservation_Plan_Nov2014.pdf
Edwards Aquifer Authority. (n.d.). Edwards Aquifer maps and GIS. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/science-maps/maps/
El Paso Water. (2019, April 12). El Paso Water leads in water reuse technology [Press release]. https://www.epwater.org/cms/one.aspx?portalId=6843488&pageId=15507283
El Paso Water. (n.d.). Rates and fees. Retrieved July 20, 2023, from https://www.epwater.org/customer_service/rates_and_fees
El Paso Water. (n.d.). Reclaimed water. Retrieved July 20, 2023, from https://www.epwater.org/cms/One.aspx?portalId=6843488&pageId=7416458
Environmental Integrity Project. (2021, September 23). 21 groups petition EPA to take over Texas’ broken system for controlling water pollution. [Press Release]. https://environmentalintegrity.org/news/groups-petition-epa-to-take-over-texas-broken-system-for-controlling-water-pollution/#:~:text=Austin%2C%20TX%20%E2%80%93%20Twenty%2Done,contaminate%20waterways%20across%20the%20state
Espey Consultants, Inc. (2011, July). City of New Braunfels parks reclaimed water irrigation feasibility study. City of New Braunfels. http://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/contracted_reports/doc/1004831078_newbraunfels.pdf
Flores, M. E., Green, R. T., Nicholaides, K., Southard, P., Nunu, R., Ferrill, D., Walter, G., Stothoff, & Martin, N. (2020, July). Comparative evaluation of wastewater disposal practices in the contributing zone of the Edwards Aquifer. Southwest Research Institute. https://aquiferalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Final_Report_revised_102220.pdf
Foglia, A., Gonzalez-Camejo, J., Radini, S., Sgroi, M., Li, K., Eusebi, A. L., & Fatone, F. (2023). Transforming wastewater treatment plants into reclaimed water facilities in water-unbalanced regions. An overview of possibilities and recommendations focusing on the Italian case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 410, 137264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137264
Foster, E. (2021, August 27). Lakeway MUD: Beneficial reuse prevents wastewater discharge, promotes conservation. Austin-American Statesman. https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/08/27/lakeway-mud-beneficial-reuse-prevents-wastewater-discharge-promotes-conservation/5615510001/
Freese and Nichols, Inc. (2017, February). Water, wastewater, and reuse system master plan. https://www.fbgtx.org/DocumentCenter/View/2343/City-of-Fredericksburg-Water-Wastewater-and-Reuse-Master-Plan
Garden Ridge Texas. (n.d.). City of Garden Ridge Water Company. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://www.ci.garden-ridge.tx.us/105/Utilities
George, P. G., Mace, R. E., & Petrossian, R. (2011, July). Aquifers of Texas (Report 380). Texas Water Development Board. https://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/numbered_reports/index.asp
Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance. (2023, June 22). Continued partnership with Texas State University students expands GEAA’s wastewater project efforts. https://aquiferalliance.org/2023/06/continued-partnership-with-texas-state-university-students-expands-geaas-wastewater-project-efforts/
Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority. (2022, November). 2023-2028 Strategic Plan. https://www.gbra.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2023-2028-gbra-strategic-plan.pdf
Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.gbra.org/about/
Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority. (n.d.). Financial transparency. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.gbra.org/about/transparency/
Hermitte, S. M., & Mace, R. E. (2012, November). The grass is always greener…outdoor residential water use in Texas (Technical Note 12-01). Texas Water Development Board. https://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/reports/technical_notes/doc/SeasonalWaterUseReport-final.pdf#:~:text=Outdoor%20usage%20and%20lot%20size%2C%20another%20possible%20standard-of-living,more%20water%20than%20homes%20without%20installed%20irrigation%20systems
Hill Country Alliance. (2019, December). Issue: Discharging treated effluent into Hill Country streams and creeks myths and truths. https://www.hillcountryalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/THC_DischargeMyths_Paper2019.pdf
Hill Country Alliance. (n.d.). Pristine streams. Retrieved July 7, 2023, from https://hillcountryalliance.org/our-work/water-resources/pristine-streams/
Hunt, B., & Smith, B. (2016, September 24). Study: Surface and groundwater interactions in Onion Creek and Blanco River. Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District. https://bseacd.org/2016/09/onionblanco_flowstudy/
Karins, J. (2023, February 9). EPA starts ‘informal’ review of Texas’ NPDES Program in petition response. InsideEPA.com. https://insideepa.com/daily-news/epa-starts-informal-review-texas-npdes-program-petition-response
King, R. S. & Back, J. A. (2020, October). Bioassessment of four Hill Country streams threatened by proposed municipal wastewater discharges. Save Our Springs Alliance. https://www.sosalliance.org/uploads/2/1/7/4/21744914/final_report_from_baylor_university_to_sosa_final_10.23.20.pdf
Lakeway Municipal Utility District. (2024, May 8). FY 2024 rate order: Third amendment. https://lakewaymud.org/wp-content/uploads/Rate-Order-Signed-5-8-2024.pdf
Lakeway Municipal Utility District. (n.d.). Water reuse. Retrieved September 13, 2023, from https://lakewaymud.org/about-us/services/water-reuse/
League of Women Voters of Comal Area. (2017). Facts and issues: Land-use planning in Comal County impacts of growth—time for action. https://my.lwv.org/sites/default/files/2017filand-useplanning.pdf;
Mabe, J. A. (2007). Nutrient and biological conditions of selected small streams in the Edwards Plateau, Central Texas, 2005-06, and implications for development of nutrient criteria (Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5195). U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5195/pdf/sir2007-5195.pdf
McCarl, B. A., Dillon, C. R., Kelpinger, K. O., & Williams, R. L. (1999, April). Limiting pumping from the Edwards Aquifer: An economic investigation of proposals, water markets, and spring flow guarantees. Water Resources Research, 35, 4, 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900116
Nelson, R. (2018, November 22). Meyer Ranch to add 1,600 homes in rural northwest. Community Impact. https://communityimpact.com/development-construction/2018/11/21/meyer-ranch-to-add-1600-homes-in-rural-northwest/
One Water Working Group. (2021, June 1). One water roadmap report. Headwaters at the Comal. https://headwatersatthecomal.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Roadmap-Report_FINAL-DRAFT-6.1.2021.pdf
Peace, A. (2018, July). Wastewater discharge regulations and impacts on surface waters and Edwards Aquifer recharge in the Texas Hill Country. Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance. https://aquiferalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NoDischargeBill-FactSheet.pdf
Plants and Major Projects Department. (2020, December). SAWS recycled water user handbook. San Antonio Water System. https://apps.saws.org/your_water/recycling/handbook/docs/Recycled%20Water%20User%20Handbook%20-%20December%202020.pdf
Public Citizen. (2018, July 23). The Texas aggregate industry is crushing Hill Country dreams. https://www.citizen.org/news/the-texas-aggregate-industry-is-crushing-hill-country-dreams/
Public Utility Commission of Texas. (2023, October 2). Water and sewer CCN viewer. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/water/utilities/map.aspx
Reedy, R. C., & Scanlon, B. R. (2022, August). Water use by the mining industry in Texas. Texas Water Development Board. https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/data/projections/MiningStudy/doc/Final%20TWDB%20Mining%20Water%20Use%20Report.PDF
Ross, D. L. (2011, November). Land-applied wastewater effluent impacts on the Edwards Aquifer. Greater Edwards Aquifer Alliance and Save Our Springs Alliance. http://www.hillcountryalliance.org/uploads/HCA/EAWastewaterImpact.pdf
Round Rock Texas. (n.d.). About your water. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/city-departments/utilities-and-environmental-services/water/about-your-water/
Round Rock Texas. (n.d.). Water, sewer and garbage rates. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://www.roundrocktexas.gov/city-departments/utility-billing/water-sewer-and-garbage-rates/
San Antonio River Authority. (2023). Current facts. Retrieved August 8, 2023, from https://www.sariverauthority.org/about/current-facts#:~:text=The%20River%20Authority%20has%20the%20statutory%20authority%20to,property%20valuation.%20The%20average%20annual%20tax%20is%20%2440.20
San Antonio Water System. (2019). History & chronology. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.saws.org/about-saws/history-chronology/
San Antonio River Authority. (2024). Reduce Flood Risk. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://www.sariverauthority.org/services/flood-risk/
San Antonio Water System. (2021). Recycled water program. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.saws.org/your-water/management-sources/recycled-water-program/
San Antonio Water System. (2022). Water recycling. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.saws.org/your-water/water-recycling/
San Antonio Water System. (2023). Water & sewer rates. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.saws.org/service/water-sewer-rates/
Senate Bill 1667, Alamo Conservation & Reuse District, 71 Leg. (1989). https://lrl.texas.gov/LASDOCS/71R/SB1667/SB1667_71R.pdf
Siglo Group. (2022, February). State of the Hill Country: 8 key conservation and growth metrics for a region at a crossroads. Texas Hill Country Conservation Network. https://hillcountryalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/State_of_the_Hill_Country-Network_REPORT_2022.pdf
Slade, R., Jr. (2018, October). Talking points: Arguments against effluent discharges in the Hill Country. Hill Country Alliance. https://www.hillcountryalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DD_Talking-points_2018_Slade.pdf
Smith, B., Hunt, B., Watson, J., & Camp, J. (2023). Impacts of recharge and discharge of the Trinity Aquifers of Central Texas. In Andreo, B., Barberá, J. A., Durán-Valsero, J. J., Gil-Márquez, J. M., Mudarra, M. (Eds.), Advances in the Hydrogeology of Karst and Carbonate Reservoirs [Conference]. EuroKarst 2022, Málaga, Spain. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-16879-6
South Central Texas Regional Water Planning Group. (2020, November 5). 2021 South Central Texas regional water plan volume 1. https://www.regionltexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/RegionL_2021RWP_V1.pdf
SouthWest Water Company. (2016). Texas water quality. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www.swwc.com/texas/water-quality/
Steadman, M. P., Arnett, B., Healy, K., Jiang, Z., LeClere, D., McLaughlin, L., & Roberts, J. (2015). Groundwater use in the Eagle Ford Shale: some policy recommendations. Texas Water Journal. 6(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v6i1.7023
Texans for Responsible Aggregate Mining. (2019, August 25). Total annual water consumption 4 person residence vs. 800TPH crusher [Infographic]. https://www.tramtexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/20190825-Water-Consumption-Slide-Residence-vs.-Crusher.pdf
Texas Administrative Code 30 § 210.1–210.85. (2016). https://www.tceq.texas.gov/rules/indxpdf.html#210
Texas Administrative Code 30 § 213.1–213.14 (2011). https://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/legal/rules/rules/pdflib/213a.pdf
Texas Aggregates & Concrete Association. (2020, January). How do Texas quarry operators manage precious water resources as they deliver the materials Texas needs to grow and thrive? https://www.tx-taca.org/files/TACA%20Water%20Management%20-%20FINAL%20-%20January%202020.pdf
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. (n.d.). Edwards Aquifer viewer. Retrieved August 6, 2023, from https://tceq.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=2e5afa3ba8144c30a49d3dc1ab49edcd
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. (n.d.). Edwards Aquifer protection program. Retrieved August 6, 2023, from https://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/eapp/
Texas Hearst Data Visualization Team. (2021, October 6). Do you live near a quarry? Use the map below to see how close you live to a quarry site. San Antonio Express-News. https://www.expressnews.com/projects/2021/texas-quarry-map/.
Texas Stream Team. (2021, May). Pumping Up Progress. EAHCP steward news from the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan. Edwards Aquifer Authority. https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Pumping-Up-Progress-5-21.pdf
Texas Water Code § 26.02715. https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/WA/htm/WA.26.htm#26
Texas Water Company. (n.d.). Our water sources. Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www.txwaterco.com/water-quality-0/our-water-sources
Texas Water Company. (n.d.). Wastewater: Treatment and water quality. Retrieved July 13, 2023, from https://www.txwaterco.com/wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality
Texas Water Development Board. (1992, December). Water for Texas today and tomorrow 1992. https://www.twdb.texas.gov/publications/State_Water_Plan/1992/1992%20State%20Water%20Plan.pdf
Texas Water Development Board. (2014, January 7). Direct water reuse expansion feasibility study. https://sanmarcostx.gov/DocumentCenter/View/4700/Direct-Water-Reuse-Expansion-Feasability-Study-PDF?bidId=
Texas Water Development Board. (2022). 2022 state water plan: Water for Texas. Retrieved June 26, 2023, from https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/swp/2022/docs/SWP22-Water-For-Texas.pdf
Texas Water Development Board. (2022). Texas state water plan Comal County. Retrieved June 26, 2023, from https://www.texasstatewaterplan.org/county/Comal
Texas Water Development Board. (2022, November). Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) loan program. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/CWSRF/?
Texas Water Development Board. (2022, November). State participation. Retrieved July 25, 2023, from http://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/SPP/index.asp
Texas Water Development Board. (2022, November). State Water Implementation Fund for Texas (SWIFT). Retrieved July 25, 2023, from http://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/SWIFT/index.asp
Texas Water Development Board. (2022, November). Texas Water Development Fund (DFund). Retrieved July 25, 2023, from http://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/TWDF/index.asp
Texas Water Development Board. (2022, September 20). Texas water use estimates summary for 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2023, from https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/waterusesurvey/estimates/doc/2020TexasWaterUseEstimatesSummary.pdf
Texas Water Development Board. (2023). State of Texas intended use plan clean water state revolving fund. https://www.twdb.texas.gov/financial/programs/CWSRF/doc/SFY2023/SFY2023-CWSRF-IUP.pdf
Texas Water Development Board. (n.d.). Historical water use estimates by county, 2015 and later (includes reuse). Retrieved June 28, 2023, from https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/waterusesurvey/estimates/
The City of Fredericksburg Texas. (2019, November 1). Water rates. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://www.fbgtx.org/302/Water-Rates
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (2023, September 27). Large-scale water recycling program. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://www.usbr.gov/watersmart/largescale/index.html
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (2023, September 27). Title XVI – water reclamation and reuse. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://www.usbr.gov/watersmart/title/index.html
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (2023, September 7). Biden-Harris administration launches new large-scale water recycling program with $180 million from Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://www.usbr.gov/newsroom/news-release/4622
U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). American FactFinder: Resident population estimates for the 100 fastest growing U.S. counties with 10,00 or more population in 2017: July 1, 2017 to July 1, 2018 – United States – County. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2010-2018/counties/totals/PEPANNGRC.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020, March 26). Most of the counties with the largest population gains since 2010 are in Texas. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020/pop-estimates-county-metro.html
U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). QuickFacts Comal County, Texas. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/comalcountytexas/PST045222#PST045222
U.S. Census Bureau. (2023, March 30). Growth in the nation’s largest counties rebounds in 2022. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/population-estimates-counties.html
U.S. Drought Monitor. (2024). U.S. Drought Monitor Texas. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/data/png/20230912/20230912_tx_trd.png
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023, June 27). What is WIFIA? Retrieved July 25, 2023, from https://www.epa.gov/wifia/what-wifia
U.S. Geological Survey. (2017). Total saline groundwater use, 2010. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/total-saline-groundwater-use-2010
U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). USGS 08168710 Comal Spgs at New Braunfels, TX. National Water Information System: Web Interface. Retrieved September 15, 2023, from https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/dv?cb_00060=on&format=gif_default&site_no=08168710&legacy=&referred_module=sw&period=&begin_date=2003-06-28&end_date=2023-06-25
Votteler, T.H. (2023). Hands across the water: How the 57-Year dispute over the Edwards Aquifer began, persisted, and was resolved. Water, 15(10), 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15101835
Water Consolidation Study Panel. (1990, July 19). Water consolidation study report to city council. San Antonio, Texas. [Provided by Gregg Eckhardt].
Water Data for Texas. (n.d.). Drought monitor. Retrieved June 23, 2023, and September 13, 2023, from https://www.waterdatafortexas.org/drought/drought-monitor?period=2023-06-20&areaType=county&areaName=Comal
Water Science School. (2019, June 8). Springs and the water cycle. Retrieved January 9, 2024, from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/springs-and-water-cycle
WateReuse. (2023, May 8). Water reuse advances in the 88th Texas Legislative Session [Press Release]. https://watereuse.org/88th-tx-legislative/
Wright, W. G. (2023, June 5). Disposal of reclaimed wastewater to wastewater collection system: Texas legislation introduced addressing the treatment and non-potable reuse of water. Mitchell Williams Law Firm. https://www.mitchellwilliamslaw.com/disposal-of-reclaimed-wastewater-to-wastewater-collection-system-texas-legislation-introduced-addressing-the-treatment-and-non-potable-reuse-of-water
Zabcik, B. (2020, October). Pristine to polluted: Sewage problems & solutions in the Texas Hill Country. Save Barton Creek Association. https://nodumpingsewage.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SBCA-Hill-Country-Sewage-Report-10.14.20.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rachel Hanes