Keywords
desalination
How to Cite
Abstract
This study includes thermodynamic and economic analyses of a seawater reverse osmosis (RO) plant integrated with a small-scale combined cycle natural gas (CCGT) plant ranging from 36–71 megawatts (MW). These analyses model electricity produced by the CCGT plant as power for the RO plant or for sale to the power grid. These analyses consider the coolant flow rate, carbon intensity, and capital and operating costs of the CCGT plant. For a case where the RO plant is sized according to the rated capacity of the CCGT plant, the maximum flow rate of coolant for the CCGT plant is only 8–10% of the total rate of seawater intake for the RO plant. Thus, no additional intake capacity is needed for the CCGT plant. The carbon intensity of the CCGT plant varies from 802-885 pounds per megawatt-hour (lb/MWh) compared to an average carbon intensity of 1285 lb/MWh for the Texas power grid. The economics of the integrated facility are evaluated using a levelized cost of water (LCOW) framework, which accounts for the capital cost associated with the CCGT plant and electricity sales to the grid. Results indicate that integrating an RO plant with a CCGT plant reduces LCOW by 8–10% compared to an RO plant powered by electricity from the Texas power grid.
Citation: Reimers AS, Webber ME. 2018. Systems-level thermodynamic and economic analysis of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant integrated with a combined cycle power plant. Texas Water Journal. 9(1):82-95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v9i1.7065.
References
[ADC] Affordable Desalination Coalition. [no date]. Affordable Desalination Demonstration Project Carollo Engineers, Inc. [place unknown]; [cited 2018 February 14] Available from: https://www.carollo.com/projects/ca-affordable-desalination-demonstration-project.
Akgul D, Çakmakcı M, Kayaalp N, Koyuncu I, 2008. Cost analysis of seawater desalination with reverse
osmosis in Turkey. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14]; 220(13):123–131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.027.
Al-Karaghouli A, Kazmerski LL. 2013. Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. [cited 2018 February 14];24:343-356. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.064.
Al-Karaghouli A, Renne D, Kazmerski LL. 2009. Solar and wind opportunities for water desalination in the Arab regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. [cited 2018 February 14];13(9):2397–2407. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.05.007.
Alonso G, Vargas S, del Valle E, Ramirez R. 2012. Alternatives of seawater desalination using nuclear power. Nuclear Engineering and Design. [cited 2018 February 14];245:39–48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2012.01.018.
Al-Zahrani, A, Orfi J, Al-Suhaibani Z, Salim B, Al-Ansary H. 2012. Thermodynamic analysis of a reverse osmosis desalination unit with energy recovery system. Procedia Engineering. [cited 2018 February 14];33(SWEE’11):404–414. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1220.
Blank JE, Tusel GF, Nisanc S. 2007. The real cost of desalted water and how to reduce it further. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];205(1-3):298–311. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.05.015.
Bouhelal OK, Merrouch R, Zejli D. 2004. Costs investigation of coupling an RO desalination system with a combined cycle power plant using DEEP code. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];165:251–257. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.029.
Charcosset C, 2009. A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];245(1-3):214–231. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.06.020.
Davis T, Cappelle M. 2013. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems for water desalination. Austin (Texas): UTEP Center for Inland Desalination. Available from https://nmwrri.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Conference56/papers/poster_abstracts4.pdf.
Egozy Y, Faigon M. 2013. The operation principle of the Hadera Seawater Desalination plant and advantages of the pressure center design. Paper presented at: The International Desalination Association World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse; Tianjin, China.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2018a. Texas electricity profile 2016. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/texas/.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2018b. Texas natural gas industrial price. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3035tx3m.htm.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2016a. Annual energy outlook 2016 with projections to 2040 (DOE/EIA-0383(2016)). Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/0383(2016).pdf.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2016b. Carbon dioxide emissions coefficients. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2016c. Electric power monthly. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a.
[EIA] U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2013. Updated capital cost estimates for utility scale electricity generating plants. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Energy Information Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/powerplants/capitalcost/.
Eltawil MA, Zhengmin Z, Yuan L. 2009. A review of renewable energy technologies integrated with desalination systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. [cited 2018 February 14];13(9):2245-2262. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.011.
[EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Cooling water intakes. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes.
[ERCOT] Electric Reliability Council of Texas. 2018. Market prices. Austin (Texas): Electric Reliability Council of Texas; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.ercot.com/mktinfo/prices.
[ERCOT] Electric Reliability Council of Texas. 2017. Longterm load forecast. Austin (Texas): Electric Reliability Council of Texas; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.ercot.com/gridinfo/load/forecast.
[ERCOT] Electric Reliability Council of Texas. [no date]. About ERCOT. Austin (Texas): Electric Reliability Council of Texas; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.ercot.com/about.
Ghaffour N, Missimer TM, Amy GL. 2013. Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];309:197–207. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.10.015.
Gold GM, Webber ME. 2015. The energy-water nexus: an analysis and comparison of various configurations integrating desalination with renewable power. Resources. [cited 2018 February 14];4(2):227–276. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources4020227.
[GTW] Gas Turbine World. 2015. Gas Turbine World 2015. Southport (Connecticut): Gas Turbine World; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.gasturbineworld.com/2015-back-issues.html.
[GWI] Global Water Intelligence. 2016. Cost estimator. Oxford (England): Global Water Intelligence; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.desaldata.com/cost_estimator.
[IAEA] International Atomic Energy Agency. 2014. Desalination economic evaluation program, Nucleus. Vienna (Austria): International Atomic Energy Agency; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://nucleus.iaea.org.
[IDE] IDE Technologies. [no date]. Sorek desalination plant. Carlsbad (California): IDE Technologies; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.ide-tech.com/blog/b_case_study/sorek-project/.
Kamal I. 2005. Integration of seawater desalination with power generation. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];180(1-3):217–229. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.007.
Karagiannis IC, Soldatos PG. 2008. Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];223(1-3):448–456. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.071.
Khamis I. 2010. Prospects of nuclear desalination and highlights of related IAEA activities. International Journal of Nuclear Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14]:4(2):109–117. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJND.2010.035168.
Khamis I, El-Emam RS. 2016. IAEA coordinated research activity on nuclear desalination: the quest for new technologies and techno-economic assessment. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];394:56–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.04.015.
Khamis I, Kavvadias KC, Sánchez-Cervera IG. 2011. Nuclear desalination: a viable option of the future based on existing experience. Desalination and Water Treatment. [cited 2018 February 14];33(1-3):316–322. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2657.
Kummu M, de Moel H, Salvucci G, Viviroli D, Ward PJ, Varis O. 2016. Over the hills and further away from coast: global geospatial patterns of human and environment over the 20th–21st centuries. Environmental Research Letters. [cited 2018 February 14];11(3)0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034010.
[Lazard] Lazard, LLC. 2017. Levelized cost of energy 2017. [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-2017/.
Liu J, Chen S, Wang H, Chen X. 2015. Calculation of carbon footprints for water diversion and desalination projects. Energy Procedia. [cited 2018 February 14];75:2483–2494. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.239.
Mabrouk AA, Nafey AS, Fath HES. 2010. Steam, electricity and water costs evaluation of power desalination co-generation plants. Desalination and Water Treatment. [cited 2018 February 14];22(1-3):56–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1537.
Mussati S, Aguirre P, Scenna N. 2003. Dual-purpose desalination plants. Part II. Optimal configuration. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];153(1-3):185–189. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01126-8.
Nisan S, Benzarti N, 2008. A comprehensive economic evaluation of integrated desalination systems using fossil fueled and nuclear energies and including their environmental costs. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];229(1-3):125–146. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.07.031.
Nisan S, Dardour S. 2007. Economic evaluation of nuclear desalination systems. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];205(1-3):231–242. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.05.014.
[NOAA] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [no date]. Water temperature table of all coastal regions. Silver Spring (Maryland): National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/dsdt/cwtg/all_meanT.html.
[NREL] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [no date] National Solar Radiation data base. Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Department of Energy; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/by_state_and_city.html.
[OECD] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2012. OECD environmental outlook to 2050. Washington (District of Columbia): Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-outlook-to-2050_9789264122246-en#page1.
Poseidon Water. 2017. Carlsbad desalination plant [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.carlsbaddesal.com/.
Reddy KV. Ghaffour N. 2007. Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];205(1-3):340–353. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.558.
Semiat R. 2008. Energy issues in desalination processes. Environmental Science & Technology. [cited 2018 February 14];42(22):8193–8201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/es801330u.
Sharqawy MH, Lienhard V, John H, Zubair SM. 2010. On thermal performance of seawater cooling towers. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. [cited 2018 February 14];133(4): 043001-1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002159.
Shrestha E, Ahmad S, Johnson W, Shrestha P, Batist JR. 2011. Carbon footprint of water conveyance versus desalination as alternatives to expand water supply. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];280(1-3):33–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.062.
Siemens. [no date]. Power up your business. [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/products/energy/power-generation/gas-turbines.html.
Stillwell AS. 2010. Energy-water nexus in Texas [thesis]. [Austin (Texas)]: University of Texas at Austin.
Stillwell AS, Webber ME. 2016. Predicting the specific energy consumption of reverse osmosis desalination. Water. [cited 2018 February 14.];8(12):601. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120601.
Stover RL. 2007. Seawater reverse osmosis with isobaric energy recovery devices. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];203(1-3):168–175. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.528.
Sturdivant AW, Rogers CS, Rister ME, Lacewell RD, Norris JW, Leal J, Garza JA, Adams J. 2007. Economic costs of desalination in South Texas: a case study. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education. [cited 2018 February 14];137:21–39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2007.mp137001004.x.
Tampa Bay Water. [no date]. Tampa Bay seawater desalination plant. [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant.
[TECO] Tampa Electric Company. [no date]. Big Bend power station - Tampa Electric; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.tampaelectric.com/company/ourpowersystem/powergeneration/bigbend/.
Texas House of Representatives. 2003. 78(R) HB 1370. [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/78R/billtext/html/HB01370F.htm.
Thermoflow. [no date]. Fully-flexible design and simulation of combined cycles, cogeneration systems, and other thermal power systems. [cited 2018 February 14.] Available from: https://www.thermoflow.com/combinedcycle_TFX.html.
[TWDB] Texas Water Development Board. 2017. 2017 State plan population projections data. Austin (Texas): Texas Water Development Board; [cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.twdb.texas.gov/waterplanning/data/projections/2017/popproj.asp.
Water Technology. [no date]. Tuaspring desalination and integrated power plant.[cited 2018 February 14]. Available from: https://www.water-technology.net/projects/tuaspring-desalination-and-integrated-power-plant/.
Wu L, Hu Y, Gao C. 2013. Optimum design of cogeneration for power and desalination to satisfy the demand of water and power. Desalination. [cited 2018 February 14];324:111–117. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.006.
Wu X, Hu Y, Wu L, Li H. 2014. Model and design of cogeneration system for different demands of desalination water, heat and power production. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering. [cited 2018 February 14];22(3):330–338. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1004-9541(14)60036-7.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2018 Andrew Samuel Reimers